All posts tagged US imperialism

DPRK: Workers’ Party of Korea (WPK) Red Flag (Explained)

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The Workers’ Party of Korea (WKA) was founded in 1949 (with the support of the Soviet Union) from the merger of a number of Marxist-Leninist and anti-imperialist groups that covered all parts of Korea (including the South prior to its annexation by the United States).

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Its Red Flag represents its historical association with the Soviet Union and contains the usual hammer (representing industrial workers), and a sickle (representing agricultural workers), but also includes a central calligraphy brush traditional to Korean scholarship (representing intellectuals).

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This addition to the Soviet Red Flag demonstrates Korea’s intellectual independence from the Soviet ideologues (despite their important historical association), and represents Korea’s unique departure from the more formal strictures of Marxist-Leninism. In many ways, the North Koreans interpret their Juche philosophy as an ‘improvement’ or ‘progression’ of Marxist-Leninist thinking – although this is a contested issue. The Juche philosophy views humanity as the driving force of history (and not ‘class’), a humanity that must be led by a strong military (for self-defence purposes).

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Although Western narratives try to shoe-horn Juche into Stalinism (suggesting that Stalinism was a departure from Marxist-Leninism) this is incorrect on both counts.

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Stalin did not depart from Marxist-Leninism – but did have to apply this ideology during the most extraordinary of situations in the world. Similarly – Korean Juche – has nothing to do with the Soviet system – but is a unique Asian adaptation of Marxist-Leninism – perhaps involving a secular Confucian influence (hence the scholar’s brush). Whatever the case, the North Koreans have a right to self-defence and self-determination. Regardless of North Korea’s development of its own pathway – as a nation it still considers itself part of the International Communist Movement – and I have personally seen North Korean delegations visit the grave of Karl Marx in Highgate Cemetery on the anniversary of his death in march of each year (usually accompanying Communist Chinese representatives).

Chinese Language References:

http://m.baike.so.com/doc/5601797-5814400.html

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/朝鲜劳动党

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by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 15/08/2017  •  Permalink
Posted in Leftwing Political Analysis
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Posted by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 15/08/2017

https://thesanghakommune.org/2017/08/15/dprk-workers-party-of-korea-wpk-red-flag-explained/

How Labour’s (2017) General Election Defeat Continues to Haunt the Ordinary British People

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The rightwing Tories represent the corporate establishment – that is middle and upper class cultural and business interests. This includes the non-payment of personal and corporate tax, and the rejection of any form of re-distributing wealth amongst the Working Class. in-short – the Tories represent a complete and total rejection of any form of Socialism and empowerment of the ordinary workers within a capitalist society. The Labour Party has not advocated Class Revolution since the early years of its inception (in the late 19th century), and even then such calls were half-hearted. When Socialist Members of the Labour Party renamed themselves ‘Communists’ around 1921 (in solidarity with Lenin’s Russian Revolution), they were expelled from the Labour Party – never to be re-admitted. This is why Labour’s call for Socialism remains thoroughly bourgeois in nature, and amounts to a collaboration with the forces of capitalism – rather than its over-throw. Even with this substantial compromise, however, the Conservative Party will not even consider what amounts to a ‘minor’ and downward re-distribution of wealth that would leave the capitalist system intact, and class privilege firmly in place. To this end the Tories are busy carrying-out two broad policies to prevent Jeremy Corbyn becoming a ‘Socialist’ Prime Minister: 1) mimicking certain peripheral Labourite policies (in an attempt to take votes away from Labour), and b) continuing unabated (and in an accelerated fashion) to ‘privatise’ the NHS and dismantle the Welfare State (inaccordance with EU legislation). As these services are cut, the tax-burden is not reduced, but continues to increase and be gathered by a bourgeois government that is re-distributing wealth in an ‘upward’ direction (through tax-cuts) – making the wealthier even richer in a manner that is quite pointless to the health of the British nation. In the meantime, the Tory government is using this ‘stolen’ wealth (paid for by the Working Class), to rage imperialist wars in support of US neo-colonial foreign policies (generally in securing oil supplies and revenue). What a despicable political party these Tories represent – which will not even allow a highly compromised version of Labourite Socialism to make life at least ‘tolerable’ for the majority of ordinary people in the UK – whilst the rich continue to live their lives of debauchery and excess.

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by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 11/08/2017  •  Permalink
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Posted by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 11/08/2017

https://thesanghakommune.org/2017/08/11/how-labours-2017-general-election-defeat-continues-to-haunt-the-ordinary-british-people/

North Korean Martial Arts Preserved in Northern China

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What many people do not understand is that the martial art of Tae Kwon Do that spread across the world after the Korean War (1950-1953) was invented by the US imperialists after their defeat in that conflict. This was because most of the ‘real’ Korean martial arts masters livid in North Korea and supported the Socialist government for the empowerment of the ordinary Korean people. The US colony of South Korea is a Christianised fabrication with martial arts that stem from fascist Japan!

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Not only this, but much of traditional Korean martial arts are preserved and practised in Northern Chinese provinces such as Jilin – where annual competitions and displays are held. Although ethnic Koreans living in China naturally dominate these events – Communist China is very proud when Chinese practitioners get anywhere near the top three positions in competition! The top picture is of a baking tool used in self-defence in North Korea termed the ‘Fighting Steamed-Dumpling Hammer’ (打糕槌 – Da Gao Chui). North Korea has a long history – once being apart of China – which a very rich and unique martial history. This is why many ethnic Koreans still live in North-East China and preserve their martial traditions.

Chinese Language Source:

http://jl.people.com.cn/n/2015/0811/c349771-25930972.html

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by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 10/08/2017  •  Permalink
Posted in Human Interest, Leftwing Political Analysis
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Posted by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 10/08/2017

https://thesanghakommune.org/2017/08/10/north-korean-martial-arts-preserved-in-northern-china/

Taking Rights Away to ‘Protect’ Citizens is Nothing but Fascism!

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Terrorism is a historical issue, emanating from many different and distinct socio-economic conditions. It is also a highly ‘subjective’ issue that is used to demonise particular groups, political movements and religions, by those national governments and State Authorities that view their own military activities around the world to be ‘lawful’ and to exist ‘outside’ of the usual definition of ‘terrorism’. States that do not consider their otherwise highly destructive military actions against other groups to be ‘terrorism’, include the United States, the UK and Israel. Other countries on this list might include Saudi Arabia and (neo-Nazi) Western Ukraine, as well as numerous others. The demarcation appears to be clear – the US and its allies throughout the world can do as it pleases, but any resistance to this militarism is automatically termed ‘terrorism’, even though under International Law, every oppressed political, religious or ethnic group possesses the legal right to wage an armed resistance to that oppression. In this regard, the United Nations has issued various decisions against the USA and Israel, for example, stating that their military actions on numerous occasions have ‘violated’ International Law. The latest wave of terrorist attacks in the West stems directly from Western military action in the Middle East from at least 1991 with the US-led First Gulf War, and culminating in the Invasion and destruction of the sovereign governments of Afghanistan and Iraq around a decade later. This situation has been compounded by the NATO-led invasion and destruction of the sovereign government of Libya, and the attempted destruction of Syria, as well as the Western-backed coup in Egypt, etc. All this Western military aggression in the Middle East has been reflected in Israel’s continuous and intensified brutality against the Palestinian population.

As a Marxist-Leninist, I do not promote or support terrorism. Within the theoretical thinking associated with Scientific Socialism, terrorism is not accepted as a legitimate means to transform a capitalist society into a Socialist society. The Communist Party of Britain (CPB), for example, advocates the ‘peaceful’ transition of the UK into a Socialist State through through the democratic process at the ballet box. Terrorism only hurts the Working Class, because invariably the Workers are over-whelming the victims of it, but terrorism achieves nothing for a ‘consented’ social transformation. This is why Marx, Lenin, Stalin, Mao and virtually every other Communist leader (despite false propaganda to the contrary), rejected it as a means to make Revolution. On the other hand, Marx wrote that the Working Class has a right to ‘collectively’ protect itself, which can be seen as manifested in Britain’s stance against Nazi Germany in WWII, and the Soviet Union’s confrontation of the same fascist foe. This legitimate self-defence is not ‘terrorism’, but a means of collectively ‘protecting’ the country from a destructive and external terrorist threat.

A contemporary issue in the UK, stems from the UK government’s unwillingness to truthfully assess exactly ‘why’ it is that fanatic Islamo-fascist groups are targeting Britain (and other European countries), and why various rightwing (and occasionally ‘Christian’) groups originating within the UK, are resorting to ‘murder’ to make their political point? British foreign policy – which has seen quite literally hundreds of thousands (perhaps millions) of innocent Middle Eastern people killed by Western military action since 1991. An interesting question is how would British or American people react if their countries were over-run and militarily destroyed by a rampant and all dominating ‘foreign’ force? A foreign force that viewed everything it did as being politically, morally, legally and religiously ‘correct’, whilst its armed forces killed with impunity, often ‘demeaning’ their victims in the process. In the case of the US, a historical answer is readily available. During the War of Independence in the later part of the 18th century, where renegade British Citizens (and their non-British allies), conspired to over-throw the legitimate UK governance of the British Colonies in the Americas. How was this essentially bourgeois ‘Revolution’ to take place? The ‘American’ rebels resorted to armed terrorism against the legitimate British Authorities. This terrorism evolved into a legitimate military movement that was eventually able to field a conventional army (albeit often using ‘unconventional’ methods and tactics), that confronted the British Army. American terrorism advocated the arming of civil society – an idea (and action) that was ‘illegal’ in the UK, and which had been so for hundreds of years. Americans that supported the British were often attacked and killed in broad daylight, and their businesses boycotted and destroyed. So bad was this American use of ‘terrorism’, that the British Authorities decided to ‘free’ any African slave that pledged allegiance to the UK cause – even creating ‘Black’ regiments in the British Army! As this ‘American’ rebellion eventually ‘won’ its fight, the entire affair was viewed through the history as established by the victors. In this history, all the acts of brutal murder and oppression committed by the American rebels are presented as legitimate acts of ‘freedom fighting’. Ironically today, virtually no one in the US (of any ethnic origin), associates the US use of terrorism against the British in the 18th century, with the Middle Eastern terrorism of the 20th and 21st centuries against the UK and the USA. Of course, this is partly a ‘racist’ response that views everything ‘White’ as being superior to everything ‘non-White’, etc.

As matters stand, the UK government responds to terrorist acts not with education, reconciliation, reform and peace-making, but rather uses the ‘threat’ of terrorism as a means to  ‘take away’ our civil liberties. Instead of confronting the ‘actual’ or ‘real’ reasons why terrorism happens, our civil liberties are removed as a means to make it harder for any potential terrorist to commit a violent act. It is obvious that this policy does not work, as terrorists always strike where least expected. In the meantime, the ordinary people of Britain are continuously punished everyday by having their age-old freedoms curtailed and removed as a ‘response’ to terrorism. Surely this is nothing short of allowing the terrorists to alter our way of life, and in a very real sense, is handing these very same terrorists a moral and practical victory. It would be better to ‘strengthen’ and not ‘weaken’ or civil liberties, and for the UK government to ‘change’ the way it behaves overseas, by disassociating its activities from the current alignment with contemporary US neo-imperialist foreign policy. If the UK does not carry-out the actions that attracts a terrorist response – the chances of a terrorist attack would reduce. Furthermore, if the UK pursued a policy of making amends throughout the world by following a compassionate and wise agenda, the chances of a terrorist attack would disappear altogether.

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by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 16/07/2017  •  Permalink
Posted in Leftwing Political Analysis
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Posted by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 16/07/2017

https://thesanghakommune.org/2017/07/16/taking-rights-away-to-protect-citizens-is-nothing-but-fascism/

DPRK: Is Kim Jong Un Giving-Up the Hereditary System and Rejoining the ‘Communist’ Camp?

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(Research & Translation by Adrian Chan-Wyles PhD)

Translator’s Note: Although the terms ‘Socialism’ and ‘Communism’ were apparently ‘removed’ from official documents in the DPRK a number of years ago, this did not mean that North Korea abandoned its Socialist or progressive institutions or establishments. On the contrary, the DPRK carried-on building Socialism and striving to establish Communism by looking after its people and providing for all their educational and material needs.  The idea that the removal of these two terms on paper equated with the abandonment of Marxist-Leninism in practice, is an error of interpretation. The only issue of note is that of the ‘heredity’ system in North Korea, and the dominance of that country’s government by a single branch of the ‘Kim’ family – but this is a matter for the North Korean people and no one else. Finally, although China is attempting to remove US and South Korean aggression against North Korea (by calling upon all sides to exercise restraint and arms control), nevertheless, articles within the Chinese press make it blatantly clear that China will come to the aid of North Korea should the West attack it. ACW (8.7.2017)

In May of this year (2016), the DPRK’s Workers’ Party will hold its 7th National People’s Congress.  It is thought that during this 7th Congress, the term ‘Communism’ will be re-written into the DPRK’s Constitution, or that slogans using the term will be used throughout the DPRK. In fact, with around a month before the 7th Congress begins, the DPRK Workers’ News publication has increased the intensity of its coverage, with Editorials including the word ‘Communism’! A typical example reads:

‘Military and civilian workers in the DPRK are striving together to build a Bright New Dawn and a Great Shining Path as a means of establishing ‘Communist’ civilisation in the country!’

The term ‘Communism’ has not appeared in the North Korean media for a long time. In April, 2009, the Supreme People’s Assembly (held in North Korea) decided to remove the term ‘Communism’ from the Constitution. Then in June, 2014 (after 39 years of ideological consistency) altered the Guiding Principles of the Constitution and the Workers’ Party Guiding Regulations for the first time, stating that ‘the only way to establish the DPRK Workers’ Party’s Ten Principles’, is only through the ‘Baishou Mountain Descent’ System – whereby Kim Jong Un’s regime was confirmed as being purely ‘hereditary’ in nature.

With the abandonment of the terms ‘Socialism’ and ‘Communism’, and the movement away from the ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’ – and the ‘Communist’ vision followed by Kim Il Song and Kim Jong Il – North Korea has become a de facto ‘Dynasty State’. This seems to suggest that Kim Jong Un’s rule is now viewed as more important than that of his ancestors, and that the Marxist-Leninist basis of revolution and workers’ struggle has been side-lined, or relegated as less important.

When North Korea followed the ‘Communist’ path, it was very much viewed as a hermit country with little interest in the outside world. With the abandonment of ‘Socialism’ and ‘Communism’, and the establishment of Kim Jong Un’s rule, the DPRK has become very active on the international stage, and has attracted unwanted and unwarranted attention from the capitalist West – particularly the US. Could it be the case that to remedy this, the DPRK is going to re-engage ‘Communism’, and abandon the Kim Family inheritance pathway?

The DPRK media has not used the term ‘Communism’for around 14 years – but its sudden re-emergence, it does appear that a change is coming. This is significant, as the DPRK has only held 6 previous Congresses in 1946, 1948, 1956, 1961, 1970 and 1980. The upcoming Congress will be the first in 36 years since the rule of Kim Sung Il!

©opyright: Adrian Chan-Wyles (ShiDaDao) 2017.

Chinese Language Article:

http://www.eazhijia.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=141955

放弃世袭! 金正恩考虑重投“共产主义”阵营

发表于 2016-04-11 22:27:04|
导读： 朝鲜将于今年5月召开劳动党第七次全国代表大会。有观点认为，“共产主义”一词有可能会在本次七大上重新写入宪法，或者朝鲜政府将提出与共产主义相关的口号。
距离朝鲜劳动党第七次全国代表大会还剩大约一个月时间。朝鲜媒体已经展开了如火如荼的造势活动，以迎接这个重要场合。与此同时，有一个词也意外出现在宣传内容里——“共产主义”。朝鲜《劳动新闻》7日刊登的社论中写道，
“军人建设者和人民要将黎明大街建设成为符合文明国家面貌的共产主义理想大街。“
“共产主义”一词已好久没有出现在朝鲜媒体上。2009年4月，朝鲜召开的最高人民会议，决定从宪法中删除“共产主义”一词。2014年6月，朝鲜时隔39年首次修改规范力度高于宪法和劳动党章程的《树立党的唯一思想体系十大原则》，明文规定了“白头山血统”—金正恩一家的政权世袭制。
朝鲜毅然摒弃“共产主义”，无异于向全世界宣布朝鲜进入“王朝国家”。更为重要的是“共产主义”一词消失，代替的是“金日成和金正日主义”；同时删除了“无产阶级专政”。将原来“为完成社会主义、共产主义伟业而斗争”的部分修改为“为完成主体革命伟业而斗争”。这就意味着比起共产主义理念，金氏一家唯一领导体系更为重要。
当年朝鲜去共产主义的行为并未引起世人轰动，毕竟所有人都心知肚明：朝鲜此举只不过是捅破了一层窗户纸罢了。然而，近来朝鲜官媒再次提及“共产主义”，不免令人浮想联翩。难道在金正恩领导下的朝鲜要回归共产主义，甚至放弃金氏家族世袭？
韩联社认为，朝鲜媒体近期开始提到已有14年未提的“共产主义”，或表明共产主义一词有可能会在本次朝鲜劳动党七大上重新写入宪法，或者朝鲜政府将提出与共产主义相关的口号。
朝鲜劳动党七大是朝鲜时隔36年再次召开全国党代会，上一次朝鲜召开党代会还要追溯到金日成主政时期的1980年。朝鲜劳动党在历史上共召开过六次全国代表大会，分别是在1946年、1948年、1956年、1961年、1970年和1980年。
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by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 08/07/2017  •  Permalink
Posted in Leftwing Political Analysis
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Posted by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 08/07/2017

https://thesanghakommune.org/2017/07/08/dprk-is-kim-jong-un-giving-up-the-hereditary-system-and-rejoining-the-communist-camp/

US Imperialism in Granada (1983)

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Rightwing President Ronald Reagan ordered around 7,600 US troops (which unbelievably included a small number of Caribbean troops) to invade the former British colony of Granada on the 25th of October, 1983, under the dubious pretext of stopping the spread of Communism on the island. In reality, this was a blatant act of imperialist aggression perpetuated by a ‘White’ nation upon an oppressed ‘Black’ nation, supported by a small number of collaborating Black troops from other pro-US Caribbean countries. As this US military action was a direct attack upon Granadan ‘self-determination’, the United Nations General Assembly, on 2 November 1983, decided with a vote of 108 to 9, to condemn it as ‘a flagrant violation of international law’. Of course, as all capitalist countries support one another in their oppression of the poor peoples of the world, no legal, economic or military action was ever taken against the US government – which has continued to dominate Granada economically and politically ever since, ensuring its invasion day is celebrated as a ‘Thanks Giving’ holiday! The people of Granada were economically and military supported by Cuba (and certain aspects of the Communist Bloc), but its small military force (which fought bravely) was defeated by December 15th, 1983. US casualties were 19 killed with 116 wounded. Granadan casualties were 45 killed with 337 wounded (as well as 24 civilian deaths). After this over-throw of the Communist Granadan government, the US instigated a bourgeois, capitalist regime that now lords it over a terribly impoverished general population – a suffering Working Class which is falsely propagandised by the US as being ‘grateful’ for its enforced and pro-longed poverty!

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Bernard Coard and Hudson Austin Blindfolded

Bernard Kord and Goodison Austin

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Protest Against Grenada Invasion

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Grenada’s Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, center, is flanked by Cuba’s leader Fidel Castro, right, and Nicaragua’s President Daniel Ortega in Havana, Cuba

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US Soldier Guarding Prisoners

US Soldiers Guarding Prisoner

US Soldiers Seizing a Man

US Invasion of Grenada

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by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 01/07/2017  •  Permalink
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Posted by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 01/07/2017

https://thesanghakommune.org/2017/07/01/us-imperialism-in-granada-1983/

How the US Created Islamo-Fascist Terrorism!

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Tony Blair – and his New Labour government – took the UK into two of its most disastrous (and illegal) wars the country has ever known. Destroying the sovereign governments of Afghanistan and Iraq has had terrible consequences not only for the people of those devastated countries, but for the global community. By removing governments that pursued ‘secularism’ over ‘religionism’ has opened the door for US-backed, trained and financed terror groups to fill the vacuum, and turn their weaponry upon the West (which is perceived as being collectively a natural ally of the US). How did this situation arise? The Criminal Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the US was tasked with devising any means – legal, illegal or whatever – to bring down the USSR particularly (and the Communist Bloc countries in general). Following the Soviet Red Army entering Afghanistan (in support of a beleaguered Socialist government), the CIA stepped-up its latest project of training and arming young Muslim men, who formed a ‘new’ type of army to combat any and all Communist movements in the region. This idea started innocuously enough – with American operatives simply ‘bribing’ local tribal leaders to mobilise their men against the Socialist government of Afghanistan. When the Red Army interceded in the region, the CIA switched the emphasis of their campaign, and began to directly recruit young men into entirely American-run and administered training camps. In these camps, these young men, many of whom were illiterate and had never left their villages before, were taught to ‘think’ in a manner entirely alien to conventional Islam, and combine Western notions of racism, nationalism, and anti-Communism, with that of select (and misinterpreted) extracts from the Qur’an dealing with the Islamic concept of ‘jihad’, or ‘righteous war’. Whereas a jihad is a war of self-defence (with regard to non-political community security), the CIA intelligence officers changed its onus into one of a non-community based ‘self-offence’, involving the projection of a highly vicious and violent policy of ideologically driven attacks on all other communities. The enemies of this ‘new’ group were any conventional or traditional communities or associations that did not agree with, or adhere to the this ‘Islamo-fascist’ ideology. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, this Islamo-fascist movement did not quietly dismantle itself and go away, but rather became an independent regional network of terrorist cells, that turned its attention toward the modern ‘capitalist’ West (and its presence in the Middle East), defining its previous employers – the USA – as public enemy number one. The terrorism employed against Westerners (and others) today throughout the Middle East (and elsewhere), was previously perfected against the soldiers of the Red Army. The ‘Mujahideen’ (as this group was called in Afghanistan), was eulogised through US anti-Communist propaganda during the 1980’s, with its head-chopping, disembowelling, torturing, and general acts of terrorism perpetuated upon Soviet troops (and any and all civilian supporters of the USSR), being defined by the CIA as ‘sublime’ acts of religiously inspired fervour and spiritual devotion. A poignant (and now ’embarrassing’) reminder of this US attitude of support toward Islamo-fascist terrorism can be seen in the hideous Hollywood film entitled ‘Rambo III- which sees Sylvester Stallone mysteriously state that before these men carry-out their acts of terror, they consider themselves ‘already dead’ (hence the wearing of ‘white’ clothing before an operation, with the colour ‘white’ symbolising ‘death’ and the ‘burial shroud’).

Today, what was once a very well armed and trained US-backed Islamo-fascist terrorist group, now extends its influence directly into the Western world – where it continues to murder hundreds and thousands of people (as is the case in Africa and elsewhere). Regardless of what name the CIA is currently giving this movement, the fact remains that it did not arise out of any indigenous Islamic movement or community, and has no legitimate ties with conventional Islam – it was, and remains entirely a US invention from start to finish – one that has now gotten out of the control of its creators. However, rumour abounds on the internet, that certain aspects of this Islamo-fascist movement is still being used by the US in places such as Syria, Libya and the Yemen, as a means to attack regimes that do not adhere to the strictures of US imperialism, and which often oppose Zionist Israel’s oppression of the Palestinians. In the above video clip, Hilary Clinton confirms how and why the US created Al Qaeda.

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by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 24/05/2017  •  Permalink
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Posted by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 24/05/2017

https://thesanghakommune.org/2017/05/24/how-the-us-created-islamo-fascist-terrorism/

Pol Pot (in Russian sources) An Assessment of Conditioned Events

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The Trotskyite – Nikita Khrushchev – ascended to power in the USSR in 1956, and immediately set about destroying the reputation of his predecessor – Joseph Stalin. This move immediately set in motion the Sino-Soviet Split – which saw the Leader of Communist China – Mao Zedong – declaring Khrushchev a ‘revisionist’, and stating that China considered Stalin’s style of Leadership to have been correct. This led to immense political and military tensions between the USSR and the PRC, with Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam trying to balance both sides. However, following Ho Chi Minh’s death in 1969, the new Vietnamese Leadership took a definite pro-USSR direction, and began to ‘distance’ itself from direct PRC influence (this included removing ‘Mao Zedong Thought’ from Vietnamese textbooks). This was the geopolitical situation that Cambodia’s Pol Pot emerged within. Although encountering Soviet-style Marxist-Leninism in France during the early 1950’s, Pol Pot’s preference lay with Communist China, and it was in that ideological direction that he steered the Communist Party of Cambodia (i.e. ‘Kampuchea’). In 1978, following crop failures, famine and persecution by the Khmer Rouge, Vietnam invaded Cambodia and ousted Pol Pot from power (in 1979), establishing the pro-Soviet ‘People’s Republic of Kampuchea’. This effectively ended Chinese political influence in Cambodia, and as an act of retaliation, Communist China briefly invaded and occupied Vietnam in 1979. The ‘People’s Republic of Kampuchea’ lasted until the collapse of the USSR, and in 1993 was replaced by a restored monarchy in Cambodia. Whereas previously I accessed Chinese language sources to build a picture of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge (see: Pol Pot (in Chinese Sources): How It All Went Wrong), I am now accessing Russian language sources to create a ‘balanced’ interpretation of the complex events surrounding Pol Pot’s rise to power, and ultimate demise.

The pseudonym ‘Pol Pot’ is an abbreviation from the French term ‘politique potentielle’ – or the ‘politics of the possible’.  Salin Sar began to use the name ‘Pol’ in the 1950’s, adopting ‘Pol Pot’ in 1976. Pol Pot was born in 1925 and died on April 15th, 1998. He served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Cambodia from 1963 to 1979. As the leader of the Khmer Rouge (another name for the Communist Party in Cambodia), his rule of Cambodia was typified by wide-spread famine and massive repression, with various reports recording the death-toll as being somewhere between 1 to 3 million in total, spanning years 1975 to 1979 – the years the Khmer Rouge held political power in the country.

His exact date of birth is unknown, but is believed to have been in 1925. He was born as ‘ Salot Sar’ into a wealthy peasant family and was 1 of 9 children. His family enjoyed a certain elevated social status due to the fact that one of his female cousins served as a ‘concubine’ to Prince Sisovath Monivong – giving birth to his son Kossarak – and one of his elder brothers was employed at the palace. A sister of Pol Pot used to dance in the royal ballet – but after seeing her – Prince Sisovath Monivong took her as yet another concubine. These facts demonstrate that Pol Pot’s family were considered ‘noble’ within Cambodia’s feudalistic society. At the age of 9 years old, Pol Pot was sent to live with relatives in Phnom Penh, where he atended Wat Botum Waddey, – a Buddhist temple – within which he worked as a servant, and was taught how to read and write the Cambodian language, and to understand Buddhist philosophy. In 1937, Pol Pot enrolled in a local Catholic School, where he received the basics of a classical education. In 1942, Pol Pot continued his studies at Norodom College of Sihanouk in Kampong Cham, before failing his exams at the prestigious Lyceum of Sisovata. This situation forced him to finish his education at the Technical School in Phnom Penh – from which he graduated in 1949 – winning a full scholarship to study in Paris, France.

Arriving in France, Pol Pot went to Paris, where he studied radio electronics. Recalling the first year of his student life at the University of Paris, Pol Pot later noted that he worked hard and was a good student. In the summer of 1950, together with other students, Pol Pot went to Yugoslavia, where he worked for about a month in Zagreb. At the end of the same year, an old friend (Sarah-Ieng Sari) arrived in Paris. Ieng Sari introduced Pol Pot to Keng Vannsak, a patriotic nationalist with whom he had studied at the Lyceum of Sisovath. It was at Keng Vannsaka’s flat that the Marxist Study Group began to function, the initiators of which were Ieng Sari and Rat Samoyon. Among the works discussed was Marx’s ‘Capital’.

In the middle of 1952, Salot Sar (i.e. ‘Pol Pot’), under the pseudonym Khmer Daom, produced his first political work entitled ‘Monarchy or Democracy?’ – which was published in a special issue of the Cambodian Student magazine entitled ‘Khmer Nisut’. Probably the same year, Salot Sar joined the Communist Party of France. By this time, Salot Sar had lost interest in studying and was expelled from the university. On December 15th, 1952, he left France. After returning to Cambodia, Pol Pot requested membership of the Vietnamese-dominated ‘Communist Party of Indonesia’ in 1953, on the grounds that he was already a member of the Communist Party of France. However, Pol Pot eventually joined the ‘People’s Revolutionary Party of Cambodia’ in August, 1953, where he set performed propaganda work. His abilities at this time were considered mediocre but consistent. Through hard-work and diligence, Pol Pot (and the ‘gang of six’ – Saloth Sar (Pol Pot), Ieng Sari, Son Sen and their wives – Khieu Ponnari, Ieng Tirith, and Yun Yat), lead the Communist Party of Cambodia (now more commonly known as the ‘Khmer Rouge’) in a Maoist ideological direction, as it was felt that the socio-economic conditions of feudal Cambodia resembled those of China, rather than those of Russia. Furthermore, Mao Zedong had developed a blue-print for a peasant-led revolutionary war, operating from bases in the countryside. (Mao had proven his ideas correct by leading the Communist Party of China to victory in 1949). In this regard, Pol Pot’s thinking appears logical and correct, and he achieved notable successes in the fighting that occurred throughout Cambodia in the 1960’s and 1970’s – against the Cambodian monarchy and US military interference in the area. Indeed, it was these tactics that made Pol Pot very popular amongst the Cambodian peasant population that eventually propelled him to victory over his enemies, and complete political power throughout Cambodia between 1975 and 1979.

The Khmer Rouge successfully entered Phnom Penh on the 17th of April, 1975 and established governance over Cambodia (On the 30th of April, the North Vietnamese launched a substantial military offensive upon South Vietnam – effectively ending US influence in the region). Between the 25th – 27th of April 1975, an Extraordinary National Congress was held in Phnom Penh, where it was announced that the new Khmer Rouge authorities intended to build in Cambodia a ‘national consensus community based upon equality and democracy, through the eradication of exploiters and exploited, and the dichotomy between rich and poor, where everyone will be assigned Work.’ Having come to power, the Pol Pot government advocated three tasks that required immediate resolution:

  1. Stop the ruining of the peasantry – as a ‘pure’ peasantry was to serve as the foundations of the future Kampuchean society.
  2. Stop corruption and usury.
  3. Eliminate the eternal dependence of Kampuchea on foreign countries;

As US interference in Cambodia, (together with royalist intrigue), was plunging the country into lawlessness, Pol Pot stated that a strict and disciplined political regime was required to establish social stability through law and order. To achieve this transformation, Pol Pot devised a system of dividing the Cambodian population into three distinct categories:

a) This comprised the ‘main’ or ‘indigenous’ Cambodian peasantry living historically in the rural areas. This was the most important and politically progressive part of the population.

b) The second group was categorised as those living in cities and towns, and who had come under the ideological influence of the Americans, or their rightwing allies – the ‘Lol Noi’. This group was considered ‘untrustworthy’ but able to be reformed through extensive re-education.

c) The third group was comprised of the intelligentsia, reactionary clergy, military officers and NCO’s that had served the royalists, the Vietnamese or the Americans, and any and all people that had served the previous regime in any capacity. This group was labelled ‘beyond reform’, and was designated for eradication (i.e. ‘execution’). Pol Pot termed this process the ‘cleansing’ of Cambodian society.

Pol Pot emptied all the towns and cities of their populations, and relocated this mass of humanity into rural communes consisting of single sex, military-style barracks. This policy essentially eradicated any form of bourgeois modernity throughout Cambodia, and returned the country to a state of dependence upon primitive agricultural living. However, this radical re-adjustment of society co-incided with crop failures and the outbreak of famine and disease. This fact alone led to the deaths of a substantial number of Cambodian people, even before the arbitrary ‘cleansing’ began. The Vietnamese army invaded Cambodia in 1978 because of the ‘racist’ policy pursued by Pol Pot – which singled-out Vietnamese people for execution. As Pol Pot lost his grip on power, he and his forces retreated westward, toward the jungle areas of the Cambodian-Thai border (where he lost complete political power in 1979). This is where he lived-out the remainder of his life, before dying at the age of 73 years old in 1998.

Russian Language Sources:

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Пол_Пот

http://russian7.ru/post/pol-pot-istoriya-krestyanina-zastaviv/

 

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by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 11/05/2017  •  Permalink
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Posted by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 11/05/2017

https://thesanghakommune.org/2017/05/11/pol-pot-in-russian-sources-an-assessment-of-conditioned-events/

Pol Pot (in Chinese Sources): How It All Went Wrong

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Pol Pot (1925-1998)

It is a simple and obvious fact that the greed for profit (i.e. predatory capitalism), kills people every single day, and in many different ways. Its victims are uncountable, and the manner of their deaths varies greatly from starvation, thirst, war, disease, injury, sexual exploitation, child abuse, homelessness, violence, poor education, misogyny, racism, homophobia, ageism, psychological programming (and brain-washing), physical exploitation and general medical neglect, to mention just some methods that the division of labour generates. However, as the capitalists benefit from this method of economic organisation, these deaths are portrayed as being the result of the individual (or group) concerned, and not the fault of the capitalist system. Those that die from the deliberate excesses of the capitalist system are deemed to have done something wrong, or otherwise be ‘deficient’ in some fundamental manner. It is this mythical ‘deviation’ from the expected norms of capitalism that is blamed for the deaths, and never capitalism itself. As a result, those that control the capitalist system sleep soundly in their beds at night, and keep a ruthless control of the very system that oppresses the majority entirely for the material benefit of the few. Although the ongoing death-toll is probably in the hundreds of millions, capitalists never acknowledge the true extent of their crimes. What capitalists do, however. is continuously attack any attempt at evolving the capitalist system into a Socialist or Communist system. It does this by ‘projecting’ the hideous nature of its own crimes upon any attempt to reform society and curb the excesses perpetuated by capitalism. In other words, this inverted mind-set (as Marx called it), is projected outward and used to demonise any attempt at building Socialism and Communism. Indeed, this rhetorical approach has been the basis for the entire US-led Cold War era since 1945, with the Soviet Union being equated with the Nazi German enemy it confronted and destroyed (at a terrible cost), and Communist China viewed as being ‘racially’ inferior and its Socialist system the product of a devious Asian mind. As a consequence, as basic academic research confirms, the Cold War lies told by the West amount to nothing more than the capitalist system protecting itself from its own demise via an evolutionary phase of Socialistic development. The price for this accomplished state of capitalist arrested development, is that of historical truth. Although this can be remedied over-time, it is a fact that requires acknowledgement as a crucial first stage to dialectical recuperation.

Working from Russian and Chinese language sources, I have discovered over and over again how the US lied continuously about the USSR and Communist China, accusing each expression of Socialism as being murderous, unnatural and against the apparent ‘natural’ human compulsion for greedy accumulation. As a matter of dialectical consistency, I have pondered the enigma of ‘Pol Pot’ (波尔布特 – Bo Er Bu Te), for sometime. My initial thoughts were that his Khmer Rouge (i.e. Communist Party of Cambodia) was somehow caught-up in this Western misrepresentation of all Socialistic Revolutions, happenings and events. My general rule of thumb is not to trust mainstream English language sources, as these are the very conveyors of the dialectical ‘non-truth’ that I am attempting to deconstruct. As Pol Pot was an ally of Communist China, I decided to focus my efforts upon Mainland Chinese academic sources, and to avoid the US-friendly Taiwanese equivalents. (For my article on Pol Pot derived from from Russian sources, please see: Pol Pot (in Russian sources) An Assessment of Conditioned Events). Much to my initial surprise, I discovered that ‘official’ and ‘unofficial’ Mainland Chinese language sources all conveyed the general history of the political development of the individual known as ‘Pol Pot’ (formerly known as ‘Saloth Sar), all agreeing that despite his genuine motivation for Revolution, and close association with Communist China (including Mao Zedong), he committed immense crimes against the Cambodian people in a very short space of time (coming to power in 1975 and being ousted in 1979). The irony is that Pol Pot was born into an affluent peasant family (in 1925) in Cambodia, and as he grew-up, he was known to be a very quiet, kind and courteous person. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but of all his brothers, he is known to have been the smallest. He had two wives, with the first being a well-known intellectual in Cambodia, with his second wife giving birth to his two daughters. One of his brothers once stated that as a child, Pol Pot disagreed with hurting animals, and would hide when it was time to kill chickens for food. In accordance with the Cambodian tradition of all male children serving in a Buddhist temple in their youth, Pol Pot became a ‘temple servant’ at the age of 6 years old, where he was taught to read and write the Cambodian language at the Lotus Temple (莲花寺 – Lian Hua Si) situated in Phnom Penh. He continued his education after returning to lay-life at the age of 12 years, and finally graduated in 1949 from the only technical college in Cambodia. As he was a gifted scholar, he earned a scholarship to study in Paris, France – the Western imperialist power that controlled Cambodia in those days.

It was in Paris that he first encountered the ideology of Marxist-Leninism, and became interested in Revolutionary activities. Pol Pot and other Cambodian students in Paris, actively joined the Communist Party of France, and founded the ‘Cambodian Marxist Study Group’. Not long after this, Pol Pot visited Yugoslavia, and this was the first time he saw a Socialist country in operation. In 1952, Pol Pot returned to Cambodia with many other Cambodian students determined to free their country from colonial French rule. The first problem was that the only Revolutionary organisation was Vietnamese in origin, even thought it was known as the ‘Khmer Liberation Movement’. Pol Pot joined this organisation in 1953 as a short-term solution – stating that the Vietnamese were in many ways just as despotic as the French. However, following the French withdrawal from the area in 1954, the Geneva Peace Agreement ensured that the Vietnamese also withdrew from Cambodia – handing-over control of the ‘Khmer Liberation Movement’ to the Cambodian people. Throughout the remainder of the 1950’s, Pol Pot (and others) gradually worked toward the founding of their own Communist Party. This was achieved during March, 1960, when in a deserted railway carriage, the ‘Khmer Workers Party’ was formally initiated, and its first congress held. In 1962, following the death of the then General Secretary, Pol Pot was elected into that post, and under his leadership, the ‘Khmer Workers Party’ changed its name in 1966 to that of the ‘Communist Party of Cambodia’.  Although Pol Pot had worked as a teacher in the city, following Sihanouk declaring the Khmer Rouge an illegal organization in 1963, Pol Pot (and others) had relocated into the jungle areas to carry-out their further training, and illicit Revolutionary activities. After 1965, Pol Pot collaborated with the Vietnamese anti-US war, with Cambodia and Laos unofficially allowing personnel, supplies and weapons to travel through their respective territories. As a consequence, Pol Pot at the time, became a very popular Revolutionary in China, Vietnam, Laos, and his native Cambodia. When visiting China and Vietnam, Pol Pot was treated with great respect. This popularity explains why he remained the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Cambodia from 1963 to 1979.

As his dialectical understanding developed and matured, Pol Pot began to change his view regarding local ethnic tensions, and adopted a much more ‘internationalist’ position with regard to China and Vietnam, and even played a part in US negotiations in China (during 1970), when America was searching for a way-out of the Vietnam War. In 1967, initiated by a ruthless rice tax upon the poor peasants of Cambodia, the Communist Party of Cambodia led an uprising (with Pol Pot leading much of the fighting), that secured a partial success, but stopped short of winning complete political power in the country.  In March, 1970, all this changed when Prince Sihanouk visited the USSR, and during his absence, a coup occurred involving a US-backed rightwing military group which took power, immediately establishing the ‘Republic of Cambodia’ and announcing an instant co-operation with any and all US military action (including the bombing of Eastern Cambodia section of the ‘Ho Chi Minh’ trail by B-52’s). This destructive action coincided with US Advisers building a ‘new’ rightwing military in the country, which was used to attack and kill ordinary Cambodian people that had any leftwing affiliations. This bombing campaign lasted until 1973, when the US Congress called a halt to the destruction on the grounds that it was ‘illegal’. In the meantime, Prince Sihanouk joined forces with Pol Pot, combining royalist and communist forces in a common effort against US imperialism in Cambodia. This time saw numerous Khmer Rouge bases being developed all over Cambodia, with various Khmer Rouge military units seeing action in South Vietnam (fighting for Ho Chi Minh against the Americans). As time progressed, the popular Khmer Rouge were able to join-up their bases, and expand political power throughout Cambodia. These events demonstrate the ‘popular’ nature of the Khmer Rouge movement and how it was generally supported throughout Cambodia, leading up to its seizure of power in the country (contrary to Eurocentric accounts that suggest the opposite). In fact, the Khmer Rouge could not have come to power without a wide-spread popular base amongst the ordinary people. The Khmer Rouge swept to power in 1975, with the collapse of US influence in the region (following the US military defeat in South Vietnam).

With the Khmer Rouge victory, Pol Pot sought to create a classless society with no distinction between the urban and the rural. This meant the abolition of all bourgeois cultural influences, as well as the eradication of money. Pol Pot stated that as Cambodia was backward and feudalistic, its population had to undergo a radical (and sudden) ‘re-education’ process. This involved the emptying of all cities and towns, and the people driven into the countryside to form collective communities dependent upon agriculture. This put an end to what Pol Pot stated were ‘leisure meals’ eaten in the cities, where the rich lived on an ample food supply they purchased, but did not themselves, cultivate or harvest. These communes became single sex barracks – where married couples could meet once a week – providing they had attained prior permission. Around 80% of the population was driven into the countryside (with all schools and temples closed), where Pol Pot started the process separating the trusted from the collaborators. After this, Pol Pot began a campaign of execution where Chinese sources speak of around one-third of the Cambodian population being killed (a number believed to be over two million men, women and children). It is generally stated that Pol Pot decided that any and all bourgeois ideas could not be ‘re-educated’ out of the individual, and that it was more efficient to simply ‘kill the body’ to end a certain type of thought. Whether this is true or not is open to debate, as this fascist policy does not exist in any form within Scientific Socialism, and was either an aberrant creation by Pol Pot himself, or a Eurocentric fabrication (in fact, some sources suggest that a great many deaths under Pol Pot were the result of famine and a failed agricultural policy). However, the narrative that Pol Pot committed mass murder states that he ordered the deaths of all dissidents, monks, ethnic minorities and class enemies, and had their bodies dumped in large open fields for all to see. As Pol Pot seems to have reverted to his old ethnic prejudices against the Vietnamese – he particularly targeted this group of people. In 1978, this led to the Vietnamese ‘Communist’ Army invading Cambodia and destroying the Khmer Rouge regime – forcing Pol Pot and his supporters to flee into the jungle – where he lived in virtual internal exile until his death in 1998. The People’s Republic of China, from at least 1981 onwards (with the establishment of the People’s Republic of Kampuchea by the occupying Vietnamese forces), re-considered its position on Pol Pot, and worked with the ‘new’ Cambodian government (which was essentially Khmer Rouge dissidents that had fallen out of favour with Pol Pot), in an attempt to pacify the remaining Khmer Rouge, and persuade Pol Pot to agree to voluntary house arrest. Although the Vietnamese destroyed Pol Pot’s original regime in 1978, the reality is that factions of the Khmer Rouge continued to run Cambodia until the restoration of the monarchy in 1993.

Chinese Language References:

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/波尔布特

http://www.baike.com/wiki/%25E6%25B3%25A2%25E5%25B0%2594%25E5%25B8%2583%25E7%2589%25B9

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_46f0bb70010001rc.html

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by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 10/05/2017  •  Permalink
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Posted by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 10/05/2017

https://thesanghakommune.org/2017/05/10/pol-pot-in-chinese-sources-how-it-all-went-wrong/

Vote Jeremy Corbyn to Save the UK in 2017!

jeremy2017

Communists and Socialists quite rightly criticise and condemn the Labour Party for its history of co-operation with capitalism and the Bourgeois State. This is an appropriate dialectical approach designed to shake Labour out of its apathy, and guide it in a leftward direction. However, across the range of Communist and Socialist viewpoints, whilst Labour is condemned, generally speaking, Jeremy Corbyn – a known Socialist – is considered the only viable alternative to further Tory destruction, or Liberal Democrat duplicity. Many Comrades are calling to support Jeremy Corbyn, but not necessarily the Labour Party. The point of this is that Jeremy Corbyn possesses the ideological wherewithal to pull Labour back to left, and in so doing, re-invigorate the NHS and the Welfare State, whilst working to break the habitual link between the UK and US imperialism. This will put an end to British troops (and British weaponry) killing innocent foreigners in the name of US capitalism. The anti-Union laws will be repealed, the elderly will nolonger have to pay for their care, and the odious ‘Academy’ system replaced with proper schooling. Jeremy Corbyn has a firm reformist foundation to support his political vision, as the British people have already successfully carried-out the most difficult of Revolutionary actions – voting to get-out of the rightwing, anti-Socialist European Union (EU). It has been incessant EU directives from Brussels (via Washington and Berlin), that have decreed the privatisation of ALL nationalised industries and Socialised medical system – a move that has included the dismantling of ALL welfare systems. Notice as these public services have been taken away from the people, the tax-burden of the people hasn’t reduced, but rather massively increased. This money has been used to finance illegal wars, and bail-out the greedy bankers that caused the recent recession. Jeremy Corbyn has the ability to put Britain back on its own two-feet independent from the US and EU. This is why Communists and Socialists will be voting for Jeremy Corbyn in the 2017 UK General Election! Join this progressive movement and help sweep Theresa May’s Tory Government into the dustbin of history.

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by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 29/04/2017  •  Permalink
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Posted by Adrian Chan-Wyles (PhD) on 29/04/2017

https://thesanghakommune.org/2017/04/29/vote-jeremy-corbyn-to-save-the-uk-in-2017/

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